Which Sql Query Must Have Must Have A Group By Clause When Used With The Said Functions

The GROUP BY clause groups the selected rows based on identical values in a column or expression. This clause is typically used with aggregate functions to generate a single result row for each set of unique values in a set of columns or expressions. Table functions are functions that produce a set of rows, made up of either base data types or composite data types . They are used like a table, view, or subquery in the FROM clause of a query. Columns returned by table functions can be included in SELECT, JOIN, or WHERE clauses in the same manner as columns of a table, view, or subquery. The presence of HAVING turns a query into a grouped query even if there is no GROUP BY clause.

Which SQL Query Must Have Must Have A Group By Clause When Used With The Said Functions This is the same as what happens when the query contains aggregate functions but no GROUP BY clause. All the selected rows are considered to form a single group, and the SELECT list and HAVING clause can only reference table columns from within aggregate functions. Such a query will emit a single row if the HAVING condition is true, zero rows if it is not true. The GROUP BY clause groups together rows in a table with non-distinct values for the expression in the GROUP BY clause. For multiple rows in the source table with non-distinct values for expression, theGROUP BY clause produces a single combined row. GROUP BY is commonly used when aggregate functions are present in the SELECT list, or to eliminate redundancy in the output.

The UNION operator computes the set union of the rows returned by the involved SELECT statements. A row is in the set union of two result sets if it appears in at least one of the result sets. The two SELECT statements that represent the direct operands of the UNION must produce the same number of columns, and corresponding columns must be of compatible data types. Note that the ORDER BY specification makes no distinction between aggregate and non-aggregate rows of the result set. For instance, you might wish to list sales figures in declining order, but still have the subtotals at the end of each group. Simply ordering sales figures in descending sequence will not be sufficient, since that will place the subtotals at the start of each group.

Therefore, it is essential that the columns in the ORDER BY clause include columns that differentiate aggregate from non-aggregate columns. This requirement means that queries using ORDER BY along with aggregation extensions to GROUP BY will generally need to use one or more of the GROUPING functions. ROLLUP is an extension of the GROUP BY clause that creates a group for each of the column expressions.

Additionally, it "rolls up" those results in subtotals followed by a grand total. Under the hood, the ROLLUP function moves from right to left decreasing the number of column expressions that it creates groups and aggregations on. Since the column order affects the ROLLUP output, it can also affect the number of rows returned in the result set. In this example, the columns product_id, p.name, and p.price must be in the GROUP BY clause since they are referenced in the query select list . The column s.units does not have to be in the GROUP BY list since it is only used in an aggregate expression (sum(...)), which represents the sales of a product. For each product, the query returns a summary row about all sales of the product.

When the optional WITH ORDINALITY clause is added to the function call, a new column is appended after all the function's output columns with numbering for each row. To find the GROUP BY level of a particular row, a query must return GROUPING function information for each of the GROUP BY columns. If we do this using the GROUPING function, every GROUP BY column requires another column using the GROUPING function. For instance, a four-column GROUP BY clause needs to be analyzed with four GROUPING functions. This is inconvenient to write in SQL and increases the number of columns required in the query. When you want to store the query result sets in tables, as with materialized views, the extra columns waste storage space.

The GROUP BY clause is often used in SQL statements which retrieve numerical data. It is commonly used with SQL functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MAX and MIN and is used mainly to aggregate data. Data aggregation allows values from multiple rows to be grouped together to form a single row. The first table shows the marks scored by two students in a number of different subjects. The second table shows the average marks of each student. Knowing how to use a SQLGROUP BY statement whenever you have aggregate functions is essential.

In most cases, when you need an aggregate function, you must add aGROUP BY clause in your query too. The first must contain a distinct first name of the employee and the second – the number of times this name is encountered in our database. Once we execute a Select statement in SQL Server, it returns unsorted results. We can define a sequence of a column in the select statement column list. We might need to sort out the result set based on a particular column value, condition etc. We can sort results in ascending or descending order with an ORDER BY clause in Select statement.

Each sublist of GROUPING SETS may specify zero or more columns or expressions and is interpreted the same way as though it were directly in the GROUP BY clause. An empty grouping set means that all rows are aggregated down to a single group , as described above for the case of aggregate functions with no GROUP BY clause. The CUBE, ROLLUP, and GROUPING SETS extensions to SQL make querying and reporting easier and faster. CUBE, ROLLUP, and grouping sets produce a single result set that is equivalent to a UNION ALL of differently grouped rows.

ROLLUP calculates aggregations such as SUM, COUNT, MAX, MIN, and AVG at increasing levels of aggregation, from the most detailed up to a grand total. CUBE is an extension similar to ROLLUP, enabling a single statement to calculate all possible combinations of aggregations. The CUBE, ROLLUP, and the GROUPING SETS extension lets you specify just the groupings needed in the GROUP BY clause. This allows efficient analysis across multiple dimensions without performing a CUBE operation. Computing a CUBE creates a heavy processing load, so replacing cubes with grouping sets can significantly increase performance. Once the rows are divided into groups, the aggregate functions are applied in order to return just one value per group.

It is better to identify each summary row by including the GROUP BY clause in the query resulst. All columns other than those listed in the GROUP BY clause must have an aggregate function applied to them. Window functions perform calculations on a set of rows that are related together.

But, unlike the aggregate functions, windowing functions do not collapse the result of the rows into a single value. Instead, all the rows maintain their original identity and the calculated result is returned for every row. The ORDER BY clause specifies a column or expression as the sort criterion for the result set.

If an ORDER BY clause is not present, the order of the results of a query is not defined. Column aliases from a FROM clause or SELECT list are allowed. If a query contains aliases in the SELECT clause, those aliases override names in the corresponding FROM clause. Expression_n Expressions that are not encapsulated within the MAX function and must be included in the GROUP BY clause at the end of the SQL statement. Aggregate_expression This is the column or expression from which the maximum value will be returned. Tables The tables that you wish to retrieve records from.

There must be at least one table listed in the FROM clause. These are conditions that must be met for the records to be selected. The value PRECEDING and value FOLLOWING cases are currently only allowed in ROWS mode.

They indicate that the frame starts or ends with the row that many rows before or after the current row. Value must be an integer expression not containing any variables, aggregate functions, or window functions. The value must not be null or negative; but it can be zero, which selects the current row itself. Aggregate functions, if any are used, are computed across all rows making up each group, producing a separate value for each group. When a FILTER clause is present, only those rows matching it are included in the input to that aggregate function. A simple GROUP BY clause consists of a list of one or more columns or expressions that define the sets of rows that aggregations are to be performed on.

A change in the value of any of the GROUP BY columns or expressions triggers a new set of rows to be aggregated. If the WITH ORDINALITY clause is specified, an additional column of type bigint will be added to the function result columns. This column numbers the rows of the function result set, starting from 1. A functional dependency exists if the grouped columns are the primary key of the table containing the ungrouped column. Use theSQL GROUP BYClause is to consolidate like values into a single row. The group by returns a single row from one or more within the query having the same column values.

Its main purpose is this work alongside functions, such as SUM or COUNT, and provide a means to summarize values. The SUM() function returns the total value of all non-null values in a specified column. Since this is a mathematical process, it cannot be used on string values such as the CHAR, VARCHAR, and NVARCHAR data types. When used with a GROUP BY clause, the SUM() function will return the total for each category in the specified table.

SQL aggregate functions provide information about a database's data. AVG, for example, returns the average of a database column's values. Each grouping set defines a set of columns for which an aggregate result is computed. The final result set is the set of distinct rows from the individual grouping column specifications in the grouping sets. GROUPING SETS syntax can be defined over simple column sets or CUBEs or ROLLUPs. In effect, CUBE and ROLLUP are simply short forms for specific varieties of GROUPING SETS.

CUBE generates the GROUP BY aggregate rows, plus superaggregate rows for each unique combination of expressions in the column list. The order of the columns specified in CUBE() has no effect. I discovered that it is possible to use the results of one query as the data range for a second query .

The USING clause requires a column list of one or more columns which occur in both input tables. It performs an equality comparison on that column, and the rows meet the join condition if the equality comparison returns TRUE. GROUP BY will condense into a single row all selected rows that share the same values for the grouped expressions. An expression used inside a grouping_element can be an input column name, or the name or ordinal number of an output column , or an arbitrary expression formed from input-column values. In case of ambiguity, a GROUP BY name will be interpreted as an input-column name rather than an output column name. The GROUPING function is not only useful for identifying NULLs, it also enables sorting subtotal rows and filtering results.

In Example 20-8, you retrieve a subset of the subtotals created by a CUBE and none of the base-level aggregations. The HAVING clause constrains columns that use GROUPING functions. CUBE is typically most suitable in queries that use columns from multiple dimensions rather than columns representing different levels of a single dimension. For instance, a commonly requested cross-tabulation might need subtotals for all the combinations of month, state, and product. These are three independent dimensions, and analysis of all possible subtotal combinations is commonplace. Subtotals such as profit by day of month summed across year would be unnecessary in most analyses.

FILTER is a modifier used on an aggregate function to limit the values used in an aggregation. All the columns in the select statement that aren't aggregated should be specified in a GROUP BY clause in the query. SQL Window Functions are one of the most important concepts for writing complex, yet efficient SQL queries.

Experienced professionals are expected to have a deep practical and theoretical knowledge of window functions. This includes knowing what the over clause is and mastering its use. Interviewers might ask how the OVER clause can turn aggregate functions into window functions.

You might also get asked about the three aggregate functions that can be used as window functions. Experienced data scientists should be aware of other, non-aggregate window functions as well. The value of CASE statements is not limited to providing a simple conditional logic in our queries. Experienced data scientists should have more than a surface-level understanding of the CASE statement and its uses. Interviewers are likely to ask you questions about different types of CASE expressions and how to write them.

Once we have our two separate piles, the database will perform any aggregate functions in our query on each of them in turn. If we used COUNT, for example, the query would count up the number of rows in each pile and return the value for each separately. This blog provides an overview of MySQL window functions. A window function performs an aggregate-like operation on a set of query rows. However, whereas an aggregate operation groups query rows into a single result row, a window function produces a result for each query row.

SELECT AS STRUCT can be used in a scalar or array subquery to produce a single STRUCT type grouping multiple values together. Scalar and array subqueries are normally not allowed to return multiple columns, but can return a single column with STRUCT type. Shapefiles, and other nongeodatabase file-based data sources do not support subqueries. Subqueries that are performed on versioned enterprise feature classes and tables will not return features that are stored in the delta tables. File geodatabases provide the limited support for subqueries explained in this section, while enterprise geodatabases provide full support. For information on the full set of subquery capabilities of enterprise geodatabases, refer to your DBMS documentation.

Json_to_recordset() is instructed to return two columns, the first integer and the second text. The ORDER BY clause sorts the column values as integers. A table reference can be a table name (possibly schema-qualified), or a derived table such as a subquery, a JOIN construct, or complex combinations of these. If more than one table reference is listed in the FROM clause, the tables are cross-joined (that is, the Cartesian product of their rows is formed; see below).

Another difference is that these expressions can contain aggregate function calls, which are not allowed in a regular GROUP BY clause. They are allowed here because windowing occurs after grouping and aggregation. This left-hand row is extended to the full width of the joined table by inserting null values for the right-hand columns. Note that only the JOIN clause's own condition is considered while deciding which rows have matches. In the sample below, we will return a list of the "CountryRegionName" column and the "StateProvinceName" from the "Sales.vSalesPerson" view in the AdventureWorks2014 sample database.

In the first SELECT statement, we will not do a GROUP BY, but instead, we will simply use the ORDER BY clause to make our results more readable sorted as either ASC or DESC. IIt is important to note that using a GROUP BY clause is ineffective if there are no duplicates in the column you are grouping by. A better example would be to group by the "Title" column of that table.

The SELECT clause below will return the six unique title types as well as a count of how many times each one is found in the table within the "Title" column. SQL statement to insert one row with values for all columns. Removing the attribute names from the above statement, gives the SQL statement below.

Forza Horizon 5 Xbox One X

Forza Horizon 5 is a racing video game set in an open world environment based in a fictional representation of Mexico. The game has the largest map in the entire Forza Horizon series, being 50% larger than its predeccesor, Forza Horizon 4 while also having the highest point in the Horizon series. The map was described by creative director Mike Brown as one of the most diverse Forza Horizon maps the team has built. The map contains an active caldera volcano, jungles and beaches, ancient Mayan temples, and towns and cities such as Guanajuato. Players can explore the open world freely, though they can also compete in multiplayer races and complete the campaign mode.

Both the cars featured in the game and the player character can be extensively customised. Players are able to create custom liveries and tunes for cars, and perform engine swaps, drivetrain swaps, or install body kits on certain vehicles. The game is the first in the franchise to support ray tracing on cars . However, Forza Horizon 5 is on another level on Xbox Series X and it's one of the few games where I prefer the 30fps quality mode to its 60fps equivalent.

The increase in fidelity and the more graceful LOD transitions combined with the upgraded visuals elevate it significantly beyond performance mode. True, it's not 60fps but the motion blur is the best I've seen in bridging the gap. Of course, it is possible to play this game at full frame-rate with Series X's mixture of high, ultra and extreme settings - and that's where the PC version comes into play. We'll be reporting back on our testing and experiences there soon. Hop on in and pick from over hundreds of world-class cars and begin your horizon adventure today.

In order to replicate the Xbox Series X quality graphics mode on PC, gamers should at least have an Nvidia GeForce RTX 2060 Super. But in order to enjoy the PC's biggest advantage, higher frame rates, a more powerful gaming PC is required. With reduced settings equivalent to the Xbox Series X performance mode, an Nvidia GeForce RTX 2070 Super was not entirely able to hold a steady 60 fps at 4k resolution. PC gamers who would like to play Forza Horizon 5 on these settings should have at least anRTX 2080.

Additional technical details, including further explanations of the hardware requirements and recommended settings of Forza Horizon 5 on PC are included in the video embedded below. Create your own expressions of fun with the powerful new EventLab gameplay toolset including custom races, challenges, stunts, and entirely new game modes. Customize your cars in more ways than ever before with new options such as the ability open and close convertible tops, paint brake calipers, and more.

Use the new Gift Drops feature to share your custom creations with the community. Forza Horizon 5 is also an impressive test case for Microsoft's cross-generational hardware strategy. I played the game for several hours on my Xbox One X, and it doesn't feel compromised compared to anything else on the console.

It's still a better-looking game than 3 and 4, and it looks more or less the same as the Series X version's 60fps mode — just running at half the frame rate. The One X is generally a machine designed for 4K/30fps games, and that's what you get here with Forza Horizon 5. Would the Series X game have looked even better if it didn't have to run on Xbox One consoles? Maybe, but it's hard to complain about the performance on either platform.

Customise your cars in more ways than ever before and use the new Gift Drops feature to share your custom creations with the community. This is Your Open World - Create your own expressions of fun with the powerful new EventLab gameplay toolset including custom races, challenges, stunts, and entirely new game modes. Take on awe-inspiring weather events like towering dust storms and intense tropical storms as Mexico's unique, dynamic seasons change the world every week. Keep coming back for new events, challenges, collectibles and rewards, and new areas to explore.

Team up with other players and enter the Horizon Arcade for a continuing series of fun, over-the-top challenges that keep you and your friends in the action and having fun with no menus, loading screens or lobbies. Meet new friends in Horizon Open and Tours and share your creations with new community gift sharing. Forza Horizon 5 has finally hit consoles and computers for all users , so racers ready for the latest racing experience can enjoy some truly impressive graphics and customization options.

One of the things we love about Forza is how friendly its various Tours and racing matches are, from trying out different competitive modes to joining a team and making your way through a world tour together. Keep in mind thatHorizon 5 also includes Kudos and Gift Drops to share with the community, so teamplay is a core aspect for many gaming modes. Some will prefer the expanded frame rate and see that as a necessary trade-off, but we have to say that the 30fps quality mode still plays very well indeed and you get the maximum visual effect, to boot.

Forza Horizon 5 doesn't change the basic structure, and there's still a huge amount of stuff dotting the Mexican map. But it does do a better job of easing you into its mountain of content. You're able to choose which specific types of events to unlock as you progress, so, for example, I preferred to focus on closed-track road races early on before delving into cross-country rallies. I feel like if I stopped playing the game and came back to it weeks later, I'd have a much better sense of what I'd been doing and where would be best for me to spend the next couple of hours. In turn, that makes me feel better about simply driving around the landscape in search of whatever esoteric quest I might come across.

Unlike with 4, I've never felt like I'm wasting my time in Forza Horizon 5, as I always have more of a sense of what I could be working toward. Despite the name and the hundreds of accurately modeled real-world cars, Forza Horizon has little in common with Turn 10 Studios' Forza Motorsport series, which is more of a serious racing simulator. While Horizon isn't exactly a Ridge Racer-style arcade game, it's certainly on the more accessible side of things. The physics feel somewhat grounded in reality, and you'll notice big differences in how various cars handle, but the driving model is very forgiving, and it's easy for anyone to pick up and play. If you're an arcade racing game purist, Burnout Paradise has a lot to answer for.

Ever since, virtually all big-budget arcade racing games have been made in the shadow of Paradise, with most tracks consisting of lines drawn across vast, explorable maps. This is an Evolving Open World - Take on awe-inspiring weather events such as towering dust storms and intense tropical storms as Mexico's unique, dynamic seasons change the world every week. Keep coming back for new events, challenges, collectibles, and rewards, and new areas to explore. Being the fifth instalment in the series, Playground Games has taken huge steps to make the driving experience more immersive.

Besides the standard campaign mode, players can take part in online multiplayer races and explore the open world with no restrictions. Take on awe-inspiring weather events such as towering dust storms and intense tropical storms as Mexico's unique, dynamic seasons change the world every week. Crucially, there are advantages to playing Forza Horizon 5 on Series consoles that aren't just about graphics or frame-rate. Hosting the game on SSD makes for a more streamlined experience on Series consoles - and it's noticeable right from the beginning of the experience. The intro drive is a Playground staple, a spectacular preview of the action to come. It's a glorious, seamless, load-free experience on Xbox Series machines, but Xbox One consoles simply can't deliver the data for each new stage in time, leading to second pauses from one segment to the next.

It looks the part, but the loading delays interrupt the flow and don't leave the best impression. While these transitions are indeed instant on the new consoles, there is still loading in the main game but it's much faster than last-gen console equivalents - around 3x to the better in my tests. Create your own expressions of fun with the new EventLab gameplay toolset including custom races, challenges, stunts and new game modes.

Use the Gift Drops feature to share your custom creations. Microsoft's game development teams are having a banner year. The company's gaming head Phil Spencer has revealed that Forza Horizon 5 had the best launch day of any Xbox Game Studios title. There have been over 4.5 million people playing the arcade racer across all platforms to date, and its peak concurrent players were three times those of its predecessor. Driving around and viewing the scenery is brilliant, the day to night changes and seasonal changes make the game always feel fresh.

On the first circuit of the game, I didn't realize I had passed lap 1 until I looked and was on lap 3. Somehow, the game stays fresh during repetitions of the same race. There are 5 subcategories of offline activities in Forza Horizon 5. Basic circuit races, PR stunts, Expeditions, cross-country sprints, and storylines that add so much depth to the game. This is basically GTA without the ability to get out of the car, and without the gruesome subject matter.

Some could even find it a little unoriginal, as the racing elements feel more an extension of the last game than something new, but considering it's already the best feeling experience out there, we think it's essential. The game just plays beautifully, especially across the multiple track types and biomes. Even just haring around the slice of Mexico outside of set races is a joy, with spectacular views and scenery to take in. Plus, with an extended career campaign that includes new expedition story missions and more characterisation, there's more than enough new to make Horizon 5 an upgrade.

Developer Playground Games has quite the track record when it comes to optimizing its games, and the latest Forza Horizon installment is no exception. As expected, there are graphical and performance differences between the platforms with the PC version running the game on maximum settings on an NVIDIA RTX 3080. Interestingly, however, is that the Xbox Series X matches the highest PC settings in the game's quality mode (4K@30FPS).

In one of several extensive videos featuring Forza Horizon 5, Digital Foundry concluded that the quality mode on Xbox Series X mostly matches the maxed out settings on PC. But at a native 4k resolution, the Xbox Series X only manages to output 30 fps with these settings. Therefore it looks like the PC settings in Forza Horizon 5 do not provide a lot of headroom when it comes to visual quality, also because raytracing is only active in photo mode and can't be activated for regular gameplay. Increase your with the new EventLab gameplay set of tools, including custom races, challenges, stunts, and new game modes. Use the Gift Drops feature to share your own creations.

Experience incredible weather conditions like towering dust storms and intense tropical storms as Mexico's unique, dynamic seasons change the world every week. Keep coming back for new events, challenges, collectibles, rewards, and new areas to explore. I'm playing a disc-based copy of the game, on a Xbox Series X. The graphics are gorgeous, smooth and the gameplay is basically identical to previous Horizon games. Forza Horizon 5 also introduces a brand new Horizon Arcade. This consists of a series of mini-multiplayer games strewn across the map. One of these mini-multiplayer games is called "Piñata pop" where the Horizon Festival's cargo plane drops piñatas.

The goal is to pop as many piñatas as they can with the help of other players. It also introduces the "EventLab", a toolset in which players can create custom games, races, and more depending on their personal preference. According to Brown, it is an AI assistant that tracks the current statuses of players, helping them to link with other players online and play together.

Forza Link can also link players' GPS systems if they accept the invitation from another player. Ultimately, Playground has delivered an excellent game for all Xbox systems. The surprise package for me was Xbox One X - level of detail pop-in and longer loading are blemishes but perhaps it's only because these areas of the game are so dramatically improved on Series hardware. Graphically, it's a treat, and the Scorpio Engine continues to surprise in its ability to service a 4K display.

Judged on its own merits, it's a good version of the game and a worthy sequel. The fact that it retains Forza's signature 1080p 4x MSAA image quality and a consistent 30fps helps immensely in mitigating some of the more obvious cuts - it adds immensely to the overall polish. Quality mode looks excellent, performance mode is locked at 60fps and for those still gaming on 1080p displays, I can't foresee any complaints. In my tests I found that - generally speaking - there are three tiers of graphics fidelity on the consoles. Xbox One is at the base of the pile, as you may expect, but still gets the job done. Xbox One X's graphics profile at dynamic 4K is broadly equivalent to the Series machines in their 60fps modes - but each version has its own plus and minus points.

In some areas, Series X's performance mode seemed to deliver improved ground detail over Xbox One X. Elsewhere, Series S's textures didn't look as detailed as Xbox One X's (and resolution is lower at a dynamic 810p-1080p). Series X performance mode matches One X's 1600p-2160p DRS Plus profile - however, I do want to stress again that resolution changes are difficult to track by eye. It's also nigh-on impossible to find any drops from the target 60fps in the Series console performance modes.

This audio ray tracing approach transforms the Forza Horizon audio experience almost as much as FH5's revamped visuals do, once again making the game world feel much more alive and 'close'. Particularly during races, where the intensity and tension of the action is massively amplified by the way you can hear your rivals' cars coming at you from all sides. Evolutionary rather than revolutionary, then, is the best way to describe Forza Horizon 5.

But that is not a bad thing, because I adored Forza Horizon 4. The same addictive racing gameplay feels even more refined than ever, and with fewer drawbacks. Forza Horizon 5 is one of the best games for anyone who likes cars and driving. The Xbox Series S version of the game offers two graphical modes – a performance mode that runs the game in 1080p at 60FPS and a quality mode at 1440p and 30FPS. It's hard to explain, but it does feel free, however, once you already have that subscription rolling.

And given what Game Pass offers, it seems kind of hard to have an Xbox and not also more or less automatically sign up for Game Pass as well. So it creates a situation where you have the weigh the pros and cons of a Sony $70 exclusive every time one comes out, or with Xbox, you simply…already have the game. Again, this is not "new," and yet I do think this upcoming era of much higher profile day one releases on Game Pass is really going to change the narrative here, and I do wonder how long Xbox's competition can ignore this format. Pop-in can also be noticeable, at least when playing on performance mode (and if you're like me and need 60 fps, you'll be playing on performance mode). It's not an obnoxious issue, and it's well within the norm for open-world games, but it does become more noticeable with games like this getting so close to looking like the real thing.

Sometimes, I like a game just because it's fun to vibe with. This racing wonderland version of Mexico is charming, thrilling, and fun to explore. With locations that include volcanic mountains, vibrant towns, and glittering oceans, each square mile of this open playground offers amazing sights. But sometimes a game can be so pretty that it helps you appreciate an experience that you would normally feel mild about.

For example, I'm not the biggest racing game fan in the world. When I do enjoy a racer, it's usually a more arcadey experience like Ridge Racer Type 4 or the more recent Cruis'n Blast. Switch from 30fps to the 60fps 'Performance' mode and you'll immediately feel the difference. Playground state that this is still running at a maximum 4K resolution, but that "additional graphics settings adjusted to maintain target framerate".